Embedded systems

Characteristics Of embedded systems

Classification Of embedded systems based on generation

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Classification Of Embedded Systems

Ex: Telephone keypads, stepped motor control units etc.

Operating System(OS)

What is OS
Goals of OS
Views of OS

Today we will be learning about OS

OPERATING SYSTEM

An OS is a program that acts as an intermediate between computer users and computer hardware.
It also provides basis for application program.

Goals of OS

• To execute programs.
• To solve user problems easily.
• To make the computer easy to use.

Components Of Data Communication

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Introduction To Data Communication

Data Communication concept
Data Communication system
Data Communication VTU NOTES

Hi everyone!
Today we will learn about Data Communication 

Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs). The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy,timeliness, and jitter.

• Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.

• Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.

• Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late are useless.In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as they are produced, in thesame order that they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery is calledreal-time transmission.

•  Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets. For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every30 ms. If some of the packets arrive with 30-ms delay and others with 40-ms delay, an unevenquality in the video is the result.

Hello everyone!
Its been a very long time since I post!
So today we will be learning about basic instruction cycle, single bus organization of processor.

Lets begin with the topic!

Before going to discuss design approaches for processor unit we first get familiar with the functions of it. The primary function of a processor unit is to execute sequence of instructions stored in a memory, which is external to the processor unit. The sequence of operations involved in processing an instruction constitutes an instruction cycle, which can be subdivided into three major phases:
Fetch cycle, decode cycle and execute cycle.
This is illustrated as shown below

To perform fetch, decode and execute cycles the processor unit has to perform set of operations called micro operations.
The following fig shows the single bus organization of processor unit. It shows how the building blocks of processor unit are organised and how they are interconnected. They can be organized in a variety of ways.
The fig below shows one organization, in which the arithmetic and logic unit and all processor registers are connected through a single common bus. It also shows the external memory bus connected to memory address(MAR) and data register(MDR).

The registers Y,Z and temp in fig are used only by the CPU unit for temporary storage during the execution of some instructions. These registers are never used for storing data generated by one instruction for later use by another instruction. The programmer can not access these registers. The IR and the instruction decoder are integral parts of the control circuitry in the CPU unit. All other registers and the ALU are used for storing and manipulating data. The data registers, ALU and the interconnecting bus is referred to as data path.